GEA journal

Instructions to Authors

The GEA (Geo Eco-Eco Agro) International journal publishes original scientific papers, review papers, short communications on Geo sciences Ecology-Economy and Agriculture (including forestry, veterinary medicine, biology and other natural sciences). It is the endeavour of the Journal to give place to papers of high scientific quality and international interest, authored by all the scientists worldwide, as well as other international scientist in order to stimulate contacts and exchange of knowledge fostering scientific productivity.

Manuscripts sent to the editorial board (e-mail address: geasci.org.journal@gmail.com) should be prepared in Microsoft Word (Times New Roman font, 11 pt) and submitted in format 17 x 24 cm (File / Page setup / Paper / Width = 17 cm; Height = 24 cm), with single line spacing (Format / Paragraph / Line spacing = Single), 2 cm margins all around (File / Page setup / Margins / Top = 2 cm; Bottom = 2 cm; Left = 2 cm; Right = 2 cm), that is approximately 44 lines per page in this format.

Manuscripts are published in English. Papers that have been published elsewhere, in whole or extracts (excerpts) of their important findings, will not be accepted. A manuscript should not exceed 10 pages. Exceptions can be made if the content and quality of the paper justify it (at the discretion of the Editor).

Full research papers should include the following sections:

- Author/s name/s, Title with Doi number

The author's name should be placed above the title and with the author's appellation and affiliation in a footnote at the bottom of the front page. Author(s) affiliation should indicated name and address of institution, including the e-mail address of the corresponding author.
Title should provide a concise but also an informative synthesis of the study (recommended not more than 100 characters including spaces).

- ABSTRACT (in English)

The Abstract, in English language, should provide basic data on the problem that was treated and the results obtained. It should be brief, preferably one paragraph only, up to 250 words, but sufficient to inform the reader of the character of the work, its results and its conclusions.

- Key words

Keywords should provide 5-6 words or compound words, suitable for an information retrieval system.

Main text of the manuscript includes the following sections:

- INTRODUCTION

The introduction should answer the questions what was studied, why was it an important question, what was known about it before and how the study will advance our knowledge.

- MATERIAL AND METHODS

Material and methods explain how the study was carried: the organism(s) studied; description of the study site, including the significant physical and biological features, and the precise location (latitude and longitude, map, etc); the experimental or sampling design; the protocol for collecting data; how the data were analyzed. In this section also should be provided a clear description of instruments and equipment, machines, devices, chemicals, diagnostic kits, plants/animals studied, technology of growing/housing, sampling sites, software used etc.

- RESULTS followed by DISCUSSION

Results and Discussion may be combined into a single section (if appropriate) or it can be a separate section.
The results objectively present key results, without interpretation, in an orderly and logical sequence using both text and illustrative materials (tables and figures).
The discussion interpret results in light of what was already known about the subject of the investigation, and explain new understanding of the problem after taking results into consideration.
The International System of Units (SI) should be used.

- CONCLUSIONS

The conclusion should present a clear and concise review of experiments and results obtained, with possible reference to the enclosures.

- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

If received significant help in designing, or carrying out the work, or received materials from someone who did a favour by supplying them, their assistance must be acknowledged. Acknowledgments are always brief and never flowery.

- REFERENCES (LITERATURE)

References should cover all papers cited in the text. The in-text citation format should be as follows: for one author (Smith, 2021), for two authors (Garcia and Rodriguez, 2020) and for more than two authors (Johnson et al. 2017). Use commas to separate multiple citations. Multiple citations should be ordered chronologically. In the case of publications in any language other than English, the original title should be retained. The titles of publications in non-Latin alphabets should be translated and annotation given, e.g. "(in Russian with English abstract)".

More details in the Annex to the INSTRUCTIONS TO AUTHORS / Bibliographic style.
The literature section gives an alphabetical listing (by first author's last name) of the references.

English usage

Avoid split infinitives, e.g.: The countries agreed to implement the directives fully (not ... to fully implement...).
Use the word fewer when referring to quantifiable units, e.g. fewer people, fewer animals. Use less when referring to a singular mass, e.g. less space, less interest.
Ensure that verbs agree in number with the subject. Particular care is needed with collective nouns, e.g. government is, and with plural nouns, e.g. data are.
That is used for defining or restrictive clauses, e.g.: The girl knocked on the door that was open. (There were several doors, but she knocked on the only one that was open.) Which is used for non-defining or non-restrictive clauses, e.g.: The girl knocked on the door, which was open. (The door she knocked on happened to be open). Although which is increasingly used for defining clauses, when it is used for non-defining clauses it should always be preceded by a comma.
Note the following:
- Use assist + in + gerund or noun, not assist + infinitive.
- Use compare with, not compare to, in comparison with not in comparison to.
- Use different from, not different than or different to.
- Use participate in, not participate at.

Expressions to avoid:
- a lot of – use many or, preferably, be more precise
- get or got
- hopefully
- since should only be used with reference to time, not as a substitute for because
- due to should only be used when attached to a noun or pronoun – use owing to when attached to a verb (e.g. ... the crops failed owing to drought ... not ... the crops failed due to drought). It is better to substitute because, result from, e.g. ... the crops failed because of drought.

Punctuation

Full stops/full points/periods

Leave only one letter space after a full stop at the end of a sentence. This rule applies to all punctuation.
Use full stops for e.g. and i.e. and M.Sc. and Ph.D. Do not use full stops:
- after people's titles, e.g. Mr, Mrs, Ms, Dr
- in acronyms, e.g. FAO, UK, USA
- after a heading, caption or running head
- in contractions, where the last letter is the same as that of the original word, e.g. Ltd (limited), St (Saint)

Commas

Use commas to separate clauses within a compound sentence where there is a change of subject, or to prevent possible misreading:
- The Chairperson selected the representative of the Netherlands to lead the subcommittee, and the subcommittee agreed.

Use commas to isolate a word, phrase or relative clause:
- The study, conducted in 1999, confirmed the earlier findings.
- The rise in productivity, although limited, has been steady.

Do not use a comma:
- before and in a list, e.g. sheep, goats and oxen
- after i.e. and e.g.

Avoid overuse of commas. For example, the following sentence has many unnecessary commas:
- The soil, which, in places, overlies the hard rock of the plateau, is, for the most part, thin and poor.
The same sentence would be better written as follows:
- The soil, which in places overlies the hard rock of the plateau, is for the most part thin and poor.

Parentheses/brackets

(When a complete sentence is enclosed in parentheses, its punctuation is also enclosed.)
When only part of a sentence is enclosed in parentheses, its punctuation is placed outside (as in this example).
(Use square brackets [if needed] within parentheses.)

Hyphens

The tendency in English spelling is not to hyphenate compound nouns or prefixes where the sense is clear, e.g. subeditor, subregion, overuse, database, germplasm, proofreader, etc. Be consistent. Do not hyphenate adverbial clauses such as centrally planned economies or environmentally sound development.
Compound adjectives are hyphenated, e.g. long-term planning. Note, however, planning in the long term, where long term is a compound noun.
In proper nouns, use upper case for all principal hyphenated words, e.g. European Commission for the Control of Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Do not capitalize, however, where a hyphen is part of a prefixed word.

En rules

An en rule (dash) is longer than a hyphen and can be used either as a parenthetical dash or to convey a distinction in sense. Press CTRL+MINUS on the numeric keypad to obtain the correct en rule. Do not use double hyphens to denote an en dash.
Paired, parenthetical dashes have a space on either side, e.g. Poverty in rural areas – where 94 percent of the poor live – has been reduced at a slower rate. They should not be overused; no more than once per paragraph.
Unspaced en rules are used when the first part of a compound does not modify the second part. They can be thought of as meaning and or to.

pp. 1–20 (range of values)
1987–1993
cost–benefit analysis
dose–response curve
Epstein–Barr virus

Do not use the en rule in a range of values or dates with the constructions from ... to or between ... and, e.g. from 1970 to 1987, not from 1970–1987.

Apostrophes

Apostrophes signify the genitive or possessive case and appear after the noun in its usual form. Hence, the singular a reader’ s letter (the letter of one reader) and the plural several readers’ letters (the letters of several readers).
Do not use an apostrophe when referring to decades, e.g. the 1960s (not the 1960’ s) because the s denotes the plural, not the genitive; similarly, do not use an apostrophe to form the plural of acronyms (NGOs, not NGO’s)
Note the distinction between it’s (it is) and its (genitive), e.g. It’ s something important, but its importance is relative.

Quotation marks/inverted commas

Reported speech is enclosed in double quotation marks.
Where one quotation appears within another, the inner quotation takes single quotes:
- “When we say ‘urgent’, we mean the day before yesterday,” said the originator.

Punctuation not referring to the quote itself falls outside the quotation marks:
- Mr Vinci was said to be “overjoyed by his lottery win”.

However, where a complete sentence is quoted, it takes its own punctuation:
- Mr Vinci was said to be “overjoyed by his lottery win. He would buy a new house for his parents.”

When a quotation is interrupted by words such as she said, a comma represents any punctuation in the original speech:
- “We will do it by Friday,” she said, “so the deadline will be respected.”

If, however, the words quoted are continuous, then the comma does not belong to the quotation and is placed outside the quotation marks:
- “We will do it”, she said, “by Friday.”
Where there are several consecutive paragraphs of speech, open quotation marks at the beginning of the first and every following paragraph; close the quotation marks only at the end of the final paragraph.

Lists

Lists are punctuated in the same way as sentences, unless entries are very short, e.g. no punctuation is required in the following list:
- radios
- televisions
- cameras
When entries are more complex, use initial lower-case letters and end each with a semicolon, except for the final entry, which ends with a full stop. When entries consist of complete sentences, begin each with a capital letter and end each with a full stop.

Capitalization

Avoid excessive use of capital letters in text.
In headings, subheadings, captions and book titles, use capitals only for the initial letter of the phrase and of proper nouns.
When naming a specific body, use a capital letter:

The French Government ruled that ... but All participating governments were asked to comment on the ruling.

Words such as committee and commission take a capital letter when used as part of a proper name, e.g. the Codex Alimentarius Commission discussed the issue.
The words Organization and Secretariat only take a capital letter when referring to the Institution. Similarly, the Conference of FAO, after it has been mentioned in full, may subsequently be referred to as the Conference (with a capital letter).
The word state takes a lower-case initial letter when referring generally to the institution or to nations or divisions of a nation; it takes a capital S when a specific state is named, e.g. State of Andhra Pradesh; but state-owned enterprise, head of state.
In geographical names, north, south, etc. are capitalized if they are part of the title of an area or a political division, e.g. East Asia, but not if they are descriptions in general terms, e.g. southern Europe.
When referring to tabular or graphic elements in a text, use a capital letter for Table, Figure, etc.

Use of italic

Italic is used for:

all book, journal and periodical titles (titles of chapters and articles are not italicized); titles of paintings and sculptures; plays, films and radio and television programmes; and names of ships (prefixes such as SS or HMS are not italicized);
mathematical variables;
foreign words and phrases that are not in common usage, such as et seq., inter alia;
to indicate genus or species, e.g. Oryza sativa, Cucurbita spp., but not for higher levels of taxonomic classification, e.g. Brassicaceae. Note that modifiers to species’ names (such as cv., var., spp.) and species' authorities are not italicized.

Abbreviations and acronyms

Abbreviations should always be defined in full the first time they are used in a document, e.g. the World Health Organization (WHO). They may then be used alone, e.g. According to a WHO spokesperson ...
Note that most acronyms do not have full stops, e.g. FAO, not F.A.O.
Do not abbreviate the names of countries in text, e.g. exports to the United Kingdom (not ... to the UK); and exports to the United States (not ... to the USA). In these two cases, abbreviations may be used in references.

Numbers

Numbers from one to ten inclusive are always written in text as words, and numbers 11 upwards are written as numerals, with the following exceptions:
- where a number begins a sentence, e.g. Fifteen NGOs were present;
- where a number accompanies a unit, e.g. 5 cm, 7 percent, US$2;
- when numbers from both groups are used consecutively, e.g. The number of replies varied, ranging between 2 and 12 per group.

Use spaces, not full stops or commas, to denote thousands, millions, etc. (e.g. 10 000, 150 000 000). Note: US$5 000. Use hard (non-breaking) spaces to avoid awkward number divisions at the end of lines (press CTRL+SHIFT+SPACEBAR).
Write fractions in words rather than numbers: one-third.

Units

Use Système Internationale (SI) units (tonnes, hectares, etc.), with equivalents in parentheses if necessary.
Do not use punctuation or letter spacing in such measurements as cm, mm, g, ha, ºC. Note, however, that there should always be a space between the number and the unit, e.g. 3 cm, 70 g, 37 ºC.
Do not abbreviate the words litre and tonne.
Use percent (not per cent) in text, e.g. Exports increased by 16 percent in the last quarter. The use of % is acceptable in tables and graphs, e.g. 16% (with no space between the number and the symbol).

Mathematics and equations

Relational and operational signs should have a space either side of them, e.g. 3 + 2 = 5.
Use the multiplication sign × not lower-case letter x.
Symbols used for variables, including Greek characters, should be italicized.

Dates

Write dates in this order: Monday, 16 October 2000 (with no comma between the month and the year).
Do not use apostrophes in decades: e.g. 1990s.
Do not abbreviate years, i.e. use 1990 and not ’ 90.
A range of dates is normally indicated thus: 2001–2003 or from 2002 to 2003. This implies the whole period from the beginning of 2002 to the end of 2003 inclusive, whereas 2002/03 implies one crop or fiscal year of 12 months starting in 2002 and ending in 2003. Note that, when used in tables, three-year averages may take a hyphen to denote the three-year period and an en rule between the two sets, e.g. 1997-99–2007-09.
Centuries should be written out in full: the twenty-first century.

Time

The use of the 24-hour system is preferred (e.g. 08.00 hours, 13.30 hours). When it is necessary to use the 12-hour system, use full stops as follows: 8 a.m. and 1.30 p.m. Be consistent.

Currencies

The abbreviation US$ may be further abbreviated to $ if defined in an explanatory note. In this case, there is no space between the abbreviation and the amount, e.g. $45 000.
The abbreviation for euro (pl. euros) is €.

Bibliographic style

All references must include: name of author(s), year of publication, title, place of publication and publisher (for books), journal title, volume and pages (for articles).
The names of all authors of a work should be given in bibliographies.
Where there are more than three authors in the bibliography, abbreviate to et al. in the text (but not in the bibliography).
When an author has written more than one work in the same year, use a, b, etc. to differentiate, e.g. 2000a, 2000b.
Entries by the same author/s should be listed in ascending chronological order.
Use the ampersand(&) between the names of the last two authors in the bibliography but use and in the text.
Titles of books, journals and periodicals are italicized (do not use inverted commas). Titles of articles and chapters are not italicized.
Titles of papers presented at meetings and titles of theses are italicized. The type of thesis, e.g. M.Sc., Ph.D., is placed at the end of the reference, in parentheses, without a full stop, e.g. Saxton, R. 2000. Information and rural women. University College, London. (MA thesis)
Titles of mimeographs are italicized, with the abbreviation mimeo placed at the end of the reference in parentheses, e.g. (mimeo)
Personal communications are not cited in a bibliography but appear only in the text, e.g. (J. Wright, personal communication, 2000).
Following are some examples of bibliographic entries:

Haines, S. & Hunter, C. (2000): Exocortis virus of citrus. Citrus Ind., 49(1): 13–17.
The article title is in roman and lower case except for the initial capital letter. The journal title is italicized, abbreviated (unless the title consists of one word only, e.g. Science) and with initial capital letters. Data are ordered as follows: volume number, (issue number in parentheses) followed by a colon and a space, page numbers.
McKenzie, J. & Gilbert, J.R. (2000): Editorial guidelines. In J. Wright & L. Cole, eds. Points of style, pp. 123–146. Washington, DC, World Resources Institute. 200 pp.
The city (place of publication) comes before the publisher. As in this example, when the city is the capital, the country is normally omitted. Note that in references United States and United Kingdom may be abbreviated to USA and UK. Note also that 200 pp. = 200 pages, whereas p. = page (singular). The first word of the book title takes an initial capital letter followed by lower-case initial letters (like the article title in the first example).
FAO (2000): Harvest operations, by I.M.A. Farmer. FAO Agricultural Services Bulletin No. 362. Rome.
MOLSS (1999): China labor statistical yearbook 1998. Ministry of Labor and Social Security. Beijing, China Statistical Press.
Brandl, F.E. (1988): Economics of trypanosomiasis control in cattle. Vol. 1. Farming systems and resource economics in the tropics. Kiel, Germany, Wissenschaffsverlag Vauk.

Following is an example of a reference to an Internet document:
Gates, B. (1995): Distributing tactical business planning information via the Internet. In Proc. FAO Workshop on Internet Applications and Electronic Information Resources (available at www.fao.org).

Following is an example of both a printed and an Internet document:
FAO (1995): ArcView shapefile technical description. FAO Computer Studies Series, No. 1. 14 pp. (also available at www.fao.org).

GEA (Geo Eco-Eco Agro)

Instructions to Authors

English usage

Punctuation

Full stops/full points/periods

Commas

Parentheses/brackets

Hyphens

En rules

Apostrophes

Quotation marks/inverted commas

Lists

Capitalization

Use of italic

Abbreviations and acronyms

Numbers

Units

Mathematics and equations

Dates

Time

Currencies

Bibliographic style

AUTHORS

Instructions for Authors

Authors consent with Conflicts of Interest Form and Author Contributions

A publication ethics and publication malpractice statement

REVIEWERS

Instructions for Reviewers

Reviewers Report Form

Reviewers credits

TESTIMONIALS

FEEDBACK

Ministry of Science of Montenegro

Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development of Montenegro